Resumen Introducción: el resveratrol tiene múltiples efectos beneficiosos en diferentes sistemas del organismo, incluido el nervioso central, sin embargo, los resultados reportados sobre el efecto en las funciones cognitivas en adultos mayores son inconsistentes. Por lo anterior, el propósito de esta revisión sistemática es presentar una síntesis del conocimiento sobre los efectos del resveratrol en las funciones cognitivas en adultos mayores. Método: se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática acorde con los criterios de PRISMA-2009. La búsqueda de artículos se realizó hasta el 7 de septiembre de 2021 en PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, SciELO y TESIUNAM. Las variables de desenlace fueron memoria diferida, inmediata y de trabajo y velocidad del procesamiento. Se estimó la diferencia de medias estandarizadas (DME) para evaluar el efecto. Resultados: se encontraron 1.065 estudios, de los cuales seis cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad para la revisión sistemática y metaanálisis. No se encontró un efecto significativo en la memoria diferida (DME = 0,69, IC 95 %: 0,85-2,23, p = 0,38), memoria inmediata (DME = 0,56, IC 95 %: -0,20-1,31, p = 0,15), memoria de trabajo (DME = -0,21, IC 95 %: -0,74-0,32, p = 0,43) y velocidad de procesamiento (DME = 0,25, IC 95 %: -0,58-1,07, p = 0,55). Conclusión: nuestros resultados sugieren que el resveratrol no tiene un efecto sobre las funciones cognitivas en adultos mayores. No obstante, es necesario realizar más estudios con diferentes dosis, tipos de formulación del nutracéutico y tiempo de tratamiento.

Abstract Introduction: resveratrol has multiple beneficial effects on different body systems, including the central nervous system, however, the results reported on the effect on cognitive functions in older adults are inconsistent. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review is to present a synthesis of knowledge about the effect of resveratrol on cognitive functions in older adults. Method: a systematic review was carried out according to the PRISMA-2009 criteria. The search for articles was carried out until September 7, 2021 in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, SciELO, and TESIUNAM. The outcome variables were delayed, immediate, and working memory, and processing speed. The standardized mean difference (SMD) was estimated to assess the effect. Results: one thousand sixty-five studies were found, of which six met the eligibility criteria for the systematic review and meta-analysis. No significant effect was found on delayed memory (SMD = 0.69, 95 % CI: 0.85-2.23, p = 0.38), immediate memory (SMD = 0.56, 95 % CI: -0.20-1.31, p = 0.15), working memory (SMD = -0.21, 95 % CI: -0.74-0.32, p = 0.43) and processing speed (SMD = 0.25, 95 % CI: -0.58-1.07, p = 0.55). Conclusion: our results suggest that resveratrol does not have an effect on cognitive functions in older adults, however, it is necessary to carry out more studies with different doses, type of nutraceutic

ABSTRACT Background: The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) are screening instruments frequently used to detect probable mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The MoCA has shown greater sensitivity and specificity in the clinical population than the MMSE. However, the proportion of people with MCI using the MoCA may be overestimated in the community. Therefore, the objective is to identify in older adults in the community in Mexico City the prevalence of probable DCL using the MoCA and the MMSE. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out, in a sample of 231 participants belonging to community groups with an age between 55 and 90 years and schooling from 0 to 22 years; MMSE and MoCA were applied. Results: a score is obtained in MMSE of 25.0 ± 3.1 and in MoCA of 19.8 ± 5.4 with a moderate correlation (r = 0.59, p < 0.05) between them. 84% of the population using MoCA and 23.8% of the population using MMSE are classified as likely MCI. Conclusion: The MMSE can give an estimate more similar to what is reported in the literature than the MoCA in the community. The implications in public policies, in clinical use and in research of an overestimation in the proportion of people with probable MCI are discussed.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: El Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) y el Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) son instrumentos de cribado usados frecuentemente para detectar probable deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL). El MoCA ha mostrado una mayor sensibilidad y especificidad en población clínica que el MMSE. Sin embargo, es posible que en la comunidad se sobreestime la proporción de personas con DCL utilizando el MoCA. Por lo anterior, el objetivo es identificar en adultos mayores de la comunidad, en la ciudad de México, la prevalencia de probable DCL utilizando el MoCA y el MMSE. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal, en una muestra de 231 participantes pertenecientes a grupos comunitarios con una edad entre 55 y 90 años y escolaridad de 0 a 22 años; se aplicó el MMSE y el MoCA. Resultados: Se obtiene una puntuación en MMSE de 25,0 ± 3,1 y en MoCA de 19,8 ± 5,4 con una correlación moderada (r = 0,59, p < 0,05) entre ellos. Un 84% de la población utilizando el MoCA y un 23,8% de la población utilizando el MMSE se clasifican con probable DCL. Conclusión: El MMSE puede dar una estimación más parecida a lo reportado en la literatura que el MoCA en la comunidad. Se discuten las implicaciones en políticas públicas, en el uso clínico y en investigación de una sobreestimación en la proporción de personas con probable DCL.

Abstract Introduction and objectives: oxidative stress is considered one of the main mechanisms of genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of heavy metals. In contrast, resveratrol has antioxidant properties and is one of the most studied polyphenols due to its wide variety of beneficial health effects. However, there are no systematic reviews of the scientific literature in which the effects of resveratrol on oxidative stress induced by heavy metals are analyzed. Methods: in this review, articles were searched using the PubMed® and ScienceDirect® databases (1996-2018). After applying various filters, eleven in vivo and in vitro researches were considered, in which the effects of resveratrol on oxidative stress as induced by arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr) and iron (Fe) were studied. Results: this review presents an analysis of the chemical effects of resveratrol on the oxidative stress associated with exposure to metal compounds. The interaction of resveratrol with the production of reactive oxygen species (ERO), the endogenous antioxidant system, and the effects on DNA damage are discussed. From these studies a diagram that shows the proposed interactions for resveratrol, heavy metals As, Cd, Cu, Cr and Fe, and oxidative stress is generated. Conclusions: the studies analyzed show that resveratrol is able to modulate the oxidative stress generated by different heavy metal compounds such as As, Cd, Cu, Cr and Fe.

Resumen Introducción y objetivos: el estrés oxidante se considera uno de los principales mecanismos de genotoxicidad y carcinogenicidad de los metales pesados. Por otra parte, el resveratrol posee propiedades antioxidantes y es uno de los polifenoles más estudiados debido a su gran variedad de efectos benéficos para la salud. Sin embargo, no hay revisiones sistemáticas de la literatura científica en las que se analicen los efectos del resveratrol sobre el estrés oxidante inducido por metales pesados. Métodos: en esta revisión se realizó una búsqueda de artículos mediante las bases de datos PubMed® y ScienceDirect® (1996-2018). Después de aplicar diversos filtros, se consideraron once investigaciones in vivo e in vitro en las que se estudiaron los efectos del resveratrol sobre el estrés oxidante inducido por el arsénico (As), el cadmio (Cd), el cobre (Cu), el cromo (Cr) y el hierro (Fe). Resultados: en la revisión se presenta un análisis de los efectos químicos del resveratrol sobre el estrés oxidante asociado a la exposición a compuestos metálicos. Se discute la interacción del resveratrol con la producción de especies reactivas de oxígeno (ERO) y el sistema antioxidante endógeno, y sus efectos sobre el daño del ADN. A partir de estos estudios se genera un diagrama que muestra las interacciones propuestas para el resveratrol, los metales pesados As, Cd, Cu, Cr y Fe, y el estrés oxidante. Conclusiones: los estudios analizados muestran que el resveratrol es capaz de modular el estrés oxidante generado por diferentes compuestos de metales pesados como As, Cd, Cu, Cr y Fe.

Abstract Background: endocrine changes in midlife women produce an increase in central obesity and oxidative stress, thus it is possible that obese postmenopausal women exhibit a higher oxidative stress than premenopausal women. Objective: to evaluate the relationship between central obesity and oxidative stress in premenopausal compared with postmenopausal women using different indices. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study that included 237 pre- and 255 post-menopausal women (40-60 years old). As oxidative stress markers we measured plasma malondialdehyde and serum uric acid levels, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total plasma antioxidant status. We also measured height, weight, and waist and hip circumferences, and we calculated body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). Results: we found over 30 % of women within the obesity range, whereas 50 % were placed in the overweight category in both groups. Plasma malondialdehyde and serum uric acid levels were higher in women with overweight or obesity than in women with normal weight regardless of menopausal status. We found a positive correlation between WHtR and malondialdehyde level (r = 0.298, p < 0.0001) and serum uric acid level (r = 0.263, p < 0.0001), and a negative correlation with erythrocyte GPx activity (r = -0.148, p < 0.01). If we use a WHtR > 0.6, malondialdehyde and uric acid levels increase regardless of menopausal status. The other indices measured did not show any relationship. Conclusion: our findings suggest that there is an association between central obesity, as measured with WHtR, and increased oxidative stress regardless of menopausal status.

Resumen Introducción: los cambios endocrinológicos de la menopausia producen un incremento en la adiposidad central y el estrés oxidativo, por lo que podría inferirse que las mujeres posmenopáusicas obesas mostrarían un estrés oxidativo significativamente mayor que las mujeres premenopáusicas. Objetivo: evaluar la relación entre la obesidad central y el estrés oxidativo en mujeres premenopáusicas en comparación con posmenopáusicas utilizando diferentes índices. Métodos: estudio transversal con 237 mujeres premenopáusicas y 255 posmenopáusicas (40-60 años). Como marcadores de estrés oxidativo se midieron los niveles de malondialdehído plasmático y ácido úrico sérico, las enzimas antioxidantes superóxido-dismutasa y glutatión-peroxidasa eritrocitarias, y la capacidad plasmática antioxidante total. También se obtuvieron el peso, la estatura y la circunferencia de cintura y cadera, con lo que se calcularon los índices de masa corporal (IMC), cintura-cadera (ICC) y cintura-talla (ICT). Resultados: se observaron más de un 30 % de obesidad y un 50 % de sobrepeso en ambos grupos. Los niveles de malondialdehído y de ácido úrico son más altos en las mujeres con sobrepeso/obesidad en ambos grupos. El ICT tuvo una correlación positiva con el nivel de malondialdehído (r = 0,298, p < 0,0001) y ácido úrico (r = 0,263, p < 0,0001), y una negativa con la actividad de GPx (r = -0,148, p < 0,01). Con un valor de corte de ICT > 0,6, aumentan el malondiahldehído y el ácido úrico, sin importar el estado menopáusico. Los demás índices no mostraron ninguna relación. Conclusión: nuestros hallazgos sugieren una asociación entre la obesidad central medida por el ICT y el aumento del estrés oxidativo, independientemente del estado menopáusico.

Objective: To determine the relationship between social support networks and diabetes control and its impact on quality of life in older community-dwelling Mexicans. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on a convenience sample of 182 older diabetic people who were active participants in community self-care and mutual help groups in Mexico City for more than one year. All were independents and had medical diagnostics determining that they had diabetes without complications for one year or more. We measured biochemical and anthropometric parameters, social support networks for older people (SSN-Older) and perceived quality of life. Patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus had HbA1c (%) ≥ 8. Results: It was found that 65% (118/182) of the elderly diabetics in the study were controlled. We observed a significantly higher average score in the SSN-Older scale on the extra-familial support subscale in the controlled diabetic group compared with the uncontrolled group (57 ± 25 vs. 49 ± 30, p < 0.05). Additionally, the average satisfaction score, as observed from SSN-Older scale data, was significantly higher in the controlled diabetics group compared with the uncontrolled group (51 ± 21 vs. 42 ± 22, p = 0.01). Likewise, in the quality of life analysis, we observed that 81% of the controlled diabetics perceived a high quality of life compared with 19% of the uncontrolled group (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that social support networks, especially community self-help groups, represent a determining social capital for control of diabetes mellitus in older people in the community.

Objetivo: determinar la relación entre las redes de apoyo social y control de la diabetes, y su impacto en la calidad de vida en adultos mayores mexicanos. Métodos: se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal en una muestra de 182 adultos mayores diabéticos que estaban participando en grupos comunitarios de autocuidado y ayuda mutua en la Ciudad de México durante más de un año. Todos eran independientes y tenían diagnóstico médico de diabetes mellitus sin complicaciones durante un año o más. Medimos parámetros bioquímicos, incluyendo hemoglobina glucosilada (HbA1c), y antropométricos, las redes de apoyo social para adultos mayores (RAS-mayores) y calidad de vida percibida. Se consideró como diabetes mellitus descontrolada cuando los pacientes tenían HbA1c (%) ≥ 8. Resultados: se encontró que el 65% (118/182) de los diabéticos participantes estaban controlados. Se observó una puntuación media significativamente mayor en la escala RAS-mayores en la subescala de apoyo social extra-familiar en el grupo de diabéticos controlados en comparación con el grupo de descontrolados (57 ± 25 vs. 49 ± 30, p < 0,05). Asimismo, la puntuación media de satisfacción de las redes de apoyo social fue significativamente mayor en el grupo de diabéticos controlados (51 ± 21 frente a 42 ± 22, p = 0,01). Del mismo modo, en el análisis de la calidad de vida, se observó que el 81% de los diabéticos controlados percibe una calidad de vida alta en comparación con el 19% del grupo de diabéticos descontrolados (p < 0,001). Conclusiones: nuestros resultados sugieren que las redes de apoyo social extra-familiar, en particular los grupos de autoayuda de la comunidad, representan un capital social relevante por el control de la diabetes mellitus de las personas mayores de la comunidad.

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a relação entre os fatores sociodemográficos com a autopercepção da saúde bucal (SPOH) em idosos. Realizou-se um estudo transversal exploratório de 150 idosos. Para avaliar a sua percepção da saúde bucal utilizou-se o Geriatric Oral Assesment Index (GOHAI) e também foram coletados dados sociodemográficos. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o teste T Student, a razão de chances (OR) de análise de regressão logística, o teste Chi Quadrado (p < 0.05) e análise de variância ANOVA. A média do índice de dentes cariados, perdidos ou obturados (CPO-D) dos participantes no estudo foi de 20.1 ± 5.8; 21.3% foram edêntulos e 69.3% eram portadores de prótese removível. O 62.7% dos participantes no estudo teve pobre autopercepção da saúde bucal (definida com uma suma de GOHAI < 44), a qual foi significativamente mais frequente nos homens (OR = 2.72, 95% Cl: 1.03-7.13, p < 0.05), com baixa renda (OR = 2.7, 95% Cl: 1.3 - 5.8, p < 0.01), e com menor escolaridade (OR = 2.26, 95% Cl: 1.1-4.6, p <0.05) do que entre a população em geral. Os resultados presentes sugerem que nos idosos a baixa renda e a menor escolaridade têm influência significativa na autopercepção da saúde bucal, independentemente da perda dentária.

The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between sociodemographic factors and self-perceived oral health (SPOH) among the elderly. A cross-sectional, exploratory examination of 150 elderly subjects whose ages ranged from 60-86 was conducted. These subjects used the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) to assess their SPOH. In addition, sociodemographic data were collected from study participants. Data were analyzed using Student's t-test, the examination of odds ratio (OR) of logistic regression analysis, the chi-square test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index for the study participants was 20.1 ± 5.8; 21.3% of subjects were edentulous, and 69.3% of subjects wore removable dentures. 62.7% of study participants had poor SPOH (defined as GOHAI score <44). Poor SPOH was significantly more frequent among males (OR = 2.72, 95% CI: 1.03-7.13, p < 0.05), low-income individuals (OR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.3 -5.8, p < 0.01), and subjects with less education (OR = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.1-4.6, p < 0.05) than among the overall subject population. The findings suggest that gender (male), low income and low educational levels have a significant influence on the self-perceived oral health status of elderly individuals, irrespective of tooth loss.

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a relação entre os fatores sociodemográficos com a autopercepção da saúde bucal (SPOH) em idosos. Realizou-se um estudo transversal exploratório de 150 idosos. Para avaliar a sua percepção da saúde bucal utilizou-se o Geriatric Oral Assesment Index (GOHAI) e também foram coletados dados sociodemográficos. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o teste T Student, a razão de chances (OR) de análise de regressão logística, o teste Chi Quadrado (p < 0.05) e análise de variância ANOVA. A média do índice de dentes cariados, perdidos ou obturados (CPO-D) dos participantes no estudo foi de 20.1 ± 5.8; 21.3% foram edêntulos e 69.3% eram portadores de prótese removível. O 62.7% dos participantes no estudo teve pobre autopercepção da saúde bucal (definida com uma suma de GOHAI < 44), a qual foi significativamente mais frequente nos homens (OR = 2.72, 95% Cl: 1.03-7.13, p < 0.05), com baixa renda (OR = 2.7, 95% Cl: 1.3 - 5.8, p < 0.01), e com menor escolaridade (OR = 2.26, 95% Cl: 1.1-4.6, p <0.05) do que entre a população em geral. Os resultados presentes sugerem que nos idosos a baixa renda e a menor escolaridade têm influência significativa na autopercepção da saúde bucal, independentemente da perda dentária.

The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between sociodemographic factors and self-perceived oral health (SPOH) among the elderly. A cross-sectional, exploratory examination of 150 elderly subjects whose ages ranged from 60-86 was conducted. These subjects used the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) to assess their SPOH. In addition, sociodemographic data were collected from study participants. Data were analyzed using Student's t-test, the examination of odds ratio (OR) of logistic regression analysis, the chi-square test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index for the study participants was 20.1 ± 5.8; 21.3% of subjects were edentulous, and 69.3% of subjects wore removable dentures. 62.7% of study participants had poor SPOH (defined as GOHAI score <44). Poor SPOH was significantly more frequent among males (OR = 2.72, 95% CI: 1.03-7.13, p < 0.05), low-income individuals (OR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.3 -5.8, p < 0.01), and subjects with less education (OR = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.1-4.6, p < 0.05) than among the overall subject population. The findings suggest that gender (male), low income and low educational levels have a significant influence on the self-perceived oral health status of elderly individuals, irrespective of tooth loss.

The aging is one of the factors that cause decrease in the antioxidant capacity. Likewise, it has been proposed that subjects exposed permanently to air pollution develop deficient antioxidant capacity to oxidative stress (OxS). This study aimed to analyze the antioxidant capacity against elevated lipid peroxides in healthy elderly of Mexico City. 105 adults (44 ± 10.8 years) and 126 elderly subjects were studied (68 ± 7.1 years); residents of Mexico City (clinically healthy, non-smokers, non-vitamin supplement takers) who had lived in the city for >10 years. Plasma lipoperoxides (LPO), total antioxidant status (TAS), the activity of red blood cells superoxide dismutase (SOD), and plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPx), were studied in all subjects. LPO levels were found significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the elderly subjects in comparison with the adults; in addition, TAS and GPx were higher in adults than among the elderly people (p < 0.0001). Nevertheless, SOD was similar in both groups (p = 0.346). These findings reveal that the elderly residents of Mexico City have TAS and GPx lower than adults, and similar SD activity, probably due to the fact that these antioxidants are neutralizing the higher LPO levels of elderly people. Therefore, this mechanism could be considered as an efficient antioxidant capacity in the elderly, as response to high LPO levels, since the health status, mortality prevalence and life span life of the older people of Mexico City are similar or better than other cities of Mexican Republic.

Se ha propuesto que los sujetos expuestos permanentemente a la contaminación ambiental tienen una deficiente capacidad para contrarrestar el estrés oxidativo (EOx) y que el envejecimiento es un factor causante de dicha alteración. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la capacidad antioxidante contra el aumento de lipoperóxidos (LPO) en adultos mayores sanos de la ciudad de México. Se estudiaron 105 adultos residentes de la ciudad de México (44 ± 10,8 años) y 126 adultos mayores (68 ± 7,1 años) clínicamente sanos, no fumadores, sin ingesta de vitaminas antioxidantes, con residencia en esta ciudad por más 10 años. Se cuantificó a todos los sujetos los LPO plasmáticos, capacidad sérica antioxidante total (AT), actividad eritrocitaria de superóxido dismutasa (SOD) y plasmática de glutatión peroxidasa (GPx). Se encontró que los niveles de LPO fueron más altos en los adultos mayores comparados con los jóvenes (p < 0,05); asimismo, AT y GPx fueron mayores en los jóvenes (p < 0,0001). La SOD fue similar en ambos grupos (p = 0,346). Estos hallazgos revelan que los ancianos residentes de la ciudad de México tienen concentraciones más bajas de AT y GPx en comparación con los adultos y una actividad similar de la SOD, debido probablemente a que estos antioxidantes están neutralizando los niveles más altos de los LPO de los ancianos. Por lo tanto, este mecanismo podría ser considerado como una capacidad antioxidante eficiente en los ancianos como respuesta a los altos niveles de LPO, ya que el estado de salud, prevalencia de mortalidad y longevidad de los adultos mayores de la ciudad de México es similar o mejor al de los residentes de otros estados de la República Mexicana.